Arduino water level/quantity/volume indicator/monitor/measurement in water tank

In the previous tutorial i discussed how to interface water sensor with arduino? What are arduino water sensor limitations? How to write effective and efficient code for arduino water detector which limits minute calculation errors? At last steps involved in converting analog water reading by arduino in to its equivalent digital form is highlighted.

In this project/tutorial i planned to teach you how to measure the water quantity in tank using arduino water level sensor. As you know arduino water sensor can measure the amount of water its surface is exposed to(How it measure go through previous tutorial). So how can we use this information to measure the whole quantity of water in a given water holding body? Well the whole game revolves around mathematics. I will explain every thing in steps to make it easy for people who are not good in Mathematics. 

Tank water level monitor old techniques

Before microcontrollers era even today if it is not required to measure the quantity to water in a tank and only tank water level is needed to be monitored then cheap digital tank level monitor is used which is usually made at home. This digital meter is usually a string of conducting material(copper etc) wires placed at different levels in a tank. Then an open digital charge wire is placed in water at the bottom of the tank. Water has a property of conducting voltage. So when the water containing digital charge hits wires placed at different heights of a tank it makes a close circuit with the copper wire. This close circuit actives a transistor which consequently switches on an led. If multiple copper wires at different heights in a tank are installed then at the output, water level can be digitally viewed on led string depicting multiple levels of tank. Below image will clear you the concept.          

Copper wired digital tank water level indicator

In the above image it can be seen how copper wires can be used to monitor tank water level. A +5 volt charge is induced in the tank and sensors(copper wires) are placed at different levels of tank. Copper wire other end in connected to base of a NPN transistor. At the end when the charged water hits the copper wire the base of NPN transistor activates the transistor and led glows up. Multiple transistors/led's makes a cheap water tank level monitor.

Considering the above copper wire sensors and transistors logic we can take many useful work from the system. For example if the water reaches the bottom of tank then switching on the water pump to refill the tank and if water reaches top switching off the motor. Activating an alarm if water touches dead or full level. See the below picture in which ULN2003 darlington pair ic of transistors is used instead of individual transistors. ULN2003 is a better choice it save space and time to purchase and build the circuit by hand.  

Techniques to monitor quantity of water in a tank using Arduino uno

• Water quantity monitoring using copper wires
• Water quantity monitoring using Analog to Digital converter(Analog sensor usage)  

Arduino water quantity monitoring using water level tank indicator and copper wires

The simplest and the easiest way is using the above technique. The only change is to place the copper wires at heights with know volume of water. Now if the water touches the copper wire, read the digital channel and print a message on lcd of quantity or water or do what ever you want.

I am going to use the above circuit with three levels/heights. Copper wires are placed at heights with know quantity of water. The output transistor collector side is input to arduino. Three arduino pins are declared as inputs. Now when charged water touches the copper wire the particular led glows up and arduino reads it as a high input. Once arduino finds the particular pin status as high it prints the quantity of water on its serial monitor. Note: The quantity of water at all the three tank levels are known and hard coded in arduino code. Circuit diagram of the project is below.

Arduino uno tank water level/quantity monitoring

Code of the project is simple. First i defined all the gpios required for the system. Then in the setup() function i declared all the pins as inputs. In the loop function i am checking if a particular pin reaches low state. Normally the input is high but as soon as the water touches the copper wire the base of the npn transistor energizes and current starts flowing from collector to emitter side of transistor which puts our arduino digital input pin in low state or our arduino digital pin is grounded. This change is read by statements in loop function of code and the corresponding quantity of water is displayed on the serial monitor of arduino.

Project Code

Download the project code from the links given at the bottom of the Post.

/* 
  Written by: Usman Ali Butt
  Dated     : 17 january 2019
  Property off: www.microcontroller-project.com
*/

// Arduino pins to copper wires are defined 
int Level1 = 2;
int Level2 = 3;
int Level3 = 4;

// The setup routine runs once when you press reset:
void setup() {
  // initialize serial communication at 9600 bits per second:
  Serial.begin(9600);
  // make the pushbutton's pin an input:
  pinMode(Level1, INPUT);
  pinMode(Level2, INPUT);
  pinMode(Level3, INPUT);
}

// the loop routine runs over and over again forever:
void loop() {

  if(digitalRead(Level3)==LOW){
    Serial.println("Water reaches Level-3 Water Quantity= 900 Liters ");
  }
  else if(digitalRead(Level2)==LOW){
    Serial.println("Water reaches Level-2 Water Quantity= 600 Liters ");
  }
  else if(digitalRead(Level1)==LOW){
    Serial.println("Water reaches Level-1 Water Quantity= 300 Liters ");
  }
  else {
    Serial.println("Water at Dead level");
    }

}

Limitations in the above water quantity in tank monitoring

It can be clearly seen that the above method has many limitations the biggest is that we can not monitor the accurate quantity of water in a tank. Their is always a big margin of error. Suppose if the tank can hold a 1000 liter of water we can not monitor a 1 liter change in water. Even if we want to monitor a change of 100 liters still for that we need to insert 10 copper wires in tank. Also the external hardware(transistors, led's, resistors etc) for each copper wire increases the cost, power consumption and size of the project. With the same above specification of 1000 liter tank for each 1 liter change monitoring we need 1000 transistors which is not feasible to implement. So we need a better solution to measure the quantity of water in a tank.  

Monitoring water quantity in tank using ADC(Analog to digital converter) of Arduino

In the previous tutorial we discussed that arduino water detector gives an analog reading as output depending on the amount of water its surface is exposed to. So if we put the sensor in water tank in vertical plane and we know about the dimensions of the water tank then we can easily estimate the amount/volume/quantity of water in tank. How is this possible?

Rectangular/Square tank example

Suppose we have a tank whose height is 1 meter and its shape is perfect square or rectangle. We placed the arduino water sensor in this tank in vertical order and lets imagine that the sensor is also 1 meter in length. Now suppose the water in tank is half way. Lets calculate the amount of water in tank manually  

Formula to calculate the volume of water in a rectangular/square tank is given by length x height x depth. 
Since in our case rectangle is a perfect square of 1 meter dimension so 1 x 1 x 1= 1 meter cube.

Now in case if it is half filled. We only need to change the depth variable which is now 1/2. Again calculating the volume of water in tank when it is half filled= 1 x 1 x 1/2 = 0.5 meter cube.

Now see the below diagram in which arduino water detector is placed in tank in vertical order. Recall that arduino water sensor gives an output which is proportional to the amount of water it is exposed to.  

Arduino water detector in a 1 meter tank

Arduino analog to digital converter can read voltages from 0 to 5 volts. The output range is from 0 to 5 where 0 represents no voltage and 1024 represents 5 volts. 512 represents 2.5 volts. 

We know that our tank depth is 1 meter and our sensor is also 1 meter in height. Now we want to drive a relation ship between depth of tank and output of water sensor. We know when water reaches in mid of sensor, its output will be 2.5 volts or 512 in integer. Basically we are driving resolution of the water sensor vs the tank height.   

Resolution of water tank vs arduino water sensor

The above value means that 1 degree change in ADC reading of arduino means 0.00097 degree change in depth/height of water in tank. This new height depth value is most important.

Most Important point:
Now if we take the above scenario in consideration. The water in tank is at height 0.5 meters. At this height the arduino water sensor reads and outputs 512. If we multiply arduino ADC reading(512) with the factor X we can get the volume of water in tank([512 * 0.00097]*1*1 =0.4964 meter cube). We get the correct result. So we can measure the quantity of water in tank with extreme precision using the above technique. Now no matter if the depth of water changes we will get the precise result in all cases we covered the whole range by calculating the X variable. Suppose water reaches 0.25 meters depth arduino will read it as 256. So ([256 * 0.00097]*1*1) = 0.2483 cubic meter

In whole of the above example main variable is X. Once you find the X for a particular tank. Rest of the thing is a piece of cake. Below is the circuit and code of the above project. See the project code how easy it is. 

Arduino water sensor tank water volume monitoring

Project Code

Download the project code from the links given at the bottom of the Post.

/* 
  Written by: Usman Ali Butt
  Dated     : 17 january 2019
  Property off: www.microcontroller-project.com
*/

//This code perfectly works with tanks who shape are rectangle or square.
//Replace the len with length of your tank and width with width of your tank

int len = 1;   //Length of tank
int width = 1; //Width of tank
int depth;     //depth of tank varied by quantity of water in tank

// The setup routine runs once when you press reset:
void setup() {
  // initialize serial communication at 9600 bits per second:
  Serial.begin(9600);
}

// the loop routine runs over and over again forever:
void loop() {
 float Volume, X=0.00097, NewDepth;
depth= analogRead(A0); //Read the depth of water in tank
//See https://www.microcontroller-project.com for clarification
NewDepth=depth*X;  //Height of water changes only depth variable

Volume= NewDepth*len*width; //Volume of water in tank = length * width * depth
  Serial.println("Volume of water in tank:");
  Serial.print(Volume);     //Volume is in meter cube m3
}

The above discussed method will perfectly work with following shape of tanks. Tanks whose edges are straight or 90 degree in angle. Only the depth of the shapes is main constraint. 

Arduino tank volume monitoring tanks shapes

Steps in general to use the above technique

• Find the length, height, depth of tank. In cylinder find the radius.
  
• Calculate variable X using height, depth(discussed above).
  
• Calculate new height depth. Actually depth/height of water in tank.
  
• Finally calculate volume using the formulas given in above diagram.

Limitations of the above technique

The first and the only limitation is arduino water sensor height. Arduino water sensor is small in size. Typical height is 10 to 15 cm. This height is not suitable to monitor home water tanks which averagely are 1.5 meters in height.

To overcome this problem commercial analog water monitoring sensors must be used. They are expensive but provide high precision output and their shelf life is also greater then cheap arduino sensors. Typical analog water sensors are shown in below image.  

Analog water sensor can be used with arduino for precise water quantity monitoring and log lasting sensor life

Code/Files